some, any, no and none
(adjectives and pronouns)
some, any, no and none (adjectives and pronouns)
A)
1- some and any mean ‘a
certain number or amount'. They are used instead of plural or uncountable
nouns. (For some/any with singular nouns, see C below.)
some is a
possible plural form of a/an and one:
Have a
biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/some dates.
some, any and none
can be used with of + the/this/these/those/ possessives/personal
pronouns:
Some of
the staff can speak Japanese.
Did any
of your photos come out well?
2- some is used:
With
affirmative verbs:
They
bought some honey.
In
questions where the answer 'yes' is expected:
Did some
of you sleep on the floor? (I expect so.)
In offers
and requests:
Would you
like some wine?
Could you
do some typing for me?
(See also C.)
any is used:
With
negative verbs:
We haven't any matches.
With hardly, barely, scarcely (which
are almost negatives):
I have
hardly any spare time.
With without when
without any . . . = with no . . . :
He
crossed the bridge without any difficulty/with no difficulty.
With questions except the types noted above:
Have you
got any money?
Did he
catch any fish?
After
if/whether and in expressions of doubt:
I/you
need any more money, please let me know.
I don't
think there is any petrol in the tank. (See also C.)
-------------------------------------------------
B)
no
(adjective) and none (pronoun)
no and none can be
used with affirmative verbs to express a negative:
I have no apples.
I had some last year but I have none this
year.
no + noun can be the subject of a sentence:
No work
was done.
No letter
has arrived.
none as
the subject is possible but not very usual:
We
expected letters, but none came.
none + of,
however, is quite usual as subject:
None of
the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.
-----------------------------------
C) some or
any used with singular, countable nouns
some here
usually means 'an unspecified or unknown':
Some idol parked his car
outside my garage. or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn't
very interested:
He
doesn't believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his
own. any can mean 'practically every', 'no particular (one)':
Any book
about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse. Any dictionary will give you
the meaning of
these words.
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